SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Steven Chu</title>

</head>

Steven Chu

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Steven Zhu" redirects here. For the musician, see <a href="Zhu_(musician)" title="Zhu (musician)">Zhu (musician)</a>.</div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Steven Chu</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="Fellow_of_the_Royal_Academy_of_Engineering" title="Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering">FREng</a> <a href="Foreign_Member_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Member of the Royal Society">ForMemRS</a> <a href="Honorary_Fellows_of_the_Institute_of_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary Fellows of the Institute of Physics">HonFInstP</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 2009</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">12th <a href="United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">United States Secretary of Energy</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 21, 2009 – April 22, 2013</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Daniel_Poneman" title="Daniel Poneman">Daniel Poneman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Samuel_Bodman" title="Samuel Bodman">Samuel Bodman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Ernest_Moniz" title="Ernest Moniz">Ernest Moniz</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"> (1948-02-28) February 28, 1948 <a href="St._Louis%2C_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Lisa Chu-Thielbar (divorced) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1298804929">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<div class="marriage-display-inline"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Jean Fetter</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1997)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Ju-Chin_Chu" title="Ju-Chin Chu">Ju-Chin Chu</a> (father)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Shu-tian_Li" class="mw-redirect" title="Shu-tian Li">Shu-tian Li</a> (grandfather)</li><li><a href="Gilbert_Chu" title="Gilbert Chu">Gilbert Chu</a> (brother)</li><li><a href="Morgan_Chu" title="Morgan Chu">Morgan Chu</a> (brother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester</a> (<a href="Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>) <a href="University_of_California%2C_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> (<a href="Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">MS</a>, <a href="Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Physicist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist">

<ul><li><a href="King_Faisal_Prize" title="King Faisal Prize">King Faisal Prize</a> (1993)</li>

<li><a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (1997)</li>

<li>Golden Plate Award (1998)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.stanford.edu/steve-chu">Stanford profile</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Scientific career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="Atomic_physics" title="Atomic physics">Atomic physics</a>, <a href="Biological_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological physics">biological physics</a>, <a href="Polymer_physics" title="Polymer physics">polymer physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a></li><li><a href="Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a></li><li><a href="Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/302807361">Observation of the Forbidden Magnetic Dipole Transition 62P1/2→72P1/2 in Atomic Thallium</a> (1976)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Eugene_D._Commins" title="Eugene D. Commins">Eugene D. Commins</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Michale_Fee" title="Michale Fee">Michale Fee</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">朱棣文</td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="display:none;"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Zhū Dìwén</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table>

Steven Chu<a href="#cite_note-APS-2">[2]</a> <a href="Fellow_of_the_Royal_Academy_of_Engineering" title="Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering">FREng</a> <a href="Foreign_Member_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Member of the Royal Society">ForMemRS</a> <a href="Honorary_Fellows_of_the_Institute_of_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary Fellows of the Institute of Physics">HonFInstP</a> (Chinese: 朱棣文; pinyin: Zhū Dìwén; b. February 28, 1948)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> is an American physicist and former government official. He is a Nobel laureate and was the 12th <a href="U.S._secretary_of_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. secretary of energy">U.S. secretary of energy</a>. He is currently the <a href="William_R._Kenan_Jr." title="William R. Kenan Jr.">William R. Kenan Jr.</a> Professor of Physics and Professor of Molecular and Cellular Physiology at <a href="Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. He is known for his research at the <a href="University_of_California%2C_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, and his research at <a href="Bell_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Laboratories">Bell Laboratories</a> and <a href="Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> regarding the <a href="Laser_cooling" title="Laser cooling">cooling and trapping of atoms with laser light</a>, for which he shared the 1997 <a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> with <a href="Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Claude Cohen-Tannoudji</a> and <a href="William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">William Daniel Phillips</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nobel-4">[4]</a>

Chu served as U.S. Secretary of Energy under the administration of President <a href="Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> from 2009 to 2013. At the time of his appointment as Energy Secretary, Chu was a professor of physics and <a href="Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular</a> and <a href="Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">cellular biology</a> at the University of California, Berkeley, and the director of the <a href="Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a>, where his research<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> was concerned primarily with the study of biological systems at the <a href="Single-molecule_experiment" title="Single-molecule experiment">single molecule level</a>.<a href="#cite_note-doe_bio-8">[8]</a> Chu resigned as energy secretary on April 22, 2013.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dixon-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> He returned to Stanford as Professor of Physics and Professor of Molecular & Cellular Physiology.

Chu is a vocal advocate for more research into <a href="Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> and <a href="Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a>, arguing that a shift away from <a href="Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a> is essential to combating <a href="Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hebert-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tribble-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Directors-16">[16]</a> He has conceived of a global "glucose economy", a form of a <a href="Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">low-carbon economy</a>, in which <a href="Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> from tropical plants is shipped around like <a href="Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> is today.<a href="#cite_note-ontap-17">[17]</a> On February 22, 2019, Chu began a one-year term as president of the <a href="American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div>

Chu was born on February 28, 1948, in <a href="St._Louis%2C_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Eljera-19">[19]</a> with Chinese ancestry from <a href="Liuhe%2C_Taicang" title="Liuhe, Taicang">Liuhe, Taicang</a>, China.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> He attended <a href="Garden_City_High_School_(New_York)" title="Garden City High School (New York)">Garden City High School</a> in <a href="Garden_City%2C_New_York" title="Garden City, New York">Garden City, New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kerr-21">[21]</a> He received both a <a href="Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</a> in <a href="Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> and a <a href="Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">B.S.</a> in <a href="Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> in 1970 from the <a href="University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> and earned his <a href="Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a> in physics from the <a href="University_of_California%2C_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, under <a href="Eugene_D._Commins" title="Eugene D. Commins">Eugene D. Commins</a>, in 1976,<a href="#cite_note-thesis-chu-1976-23">[23]</a> during which he was supported by a <a href="National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> <a href="NSF-GRF" class="mw-redirect" title="NSF-GRF">Graduate Research Fellowship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NSF-GRF-24">[24]</a>

Chu comes from a family of highly educated <a href="White_collar_worker" class="mw-redirect" title="White collar worker">white collar</a> <a href="Professional" title="Professional">professionals</a> and scholars. His father, <a href="Ju-Chin_Chu" title="Ju-Chin Chu">Ju-Chin Chu</a>, earned a <a href="D.Eng." class="mw-redirect" title="D.Eng.">doctorate</a> in <a href="Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">chemical engineering</a> from <a href="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> and taught at <a href="Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a> and <a href="Brooklyn_Polytechnic_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute">Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute</a>, and his mother studied <a href="Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> at MIT. His maternal grandfather, <a href="Shu-tian_Li" class="mw-redirect" title="Shu-tian Li">Shu-tian Li</a>, was a <a href="Hydraulic_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic engineer">hydraulic engineer</a> who earned a Ph.D. from <a href="Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>, and was a professor and president of Tianjin University. His mother's uncle, <a href="Li_Shu-hua" title="Li Shu-hua">Li Shu-hua</a>, a <a href="Biophysicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Biophysicist">biophysicist</a>, attended <a href="University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> before returning to China.<a href="#cite_note-Nobel-4">[4]</a>

Chu's older brother, <a href="Gilbert_Chu" title="Gilbert Chu">Gilbert Chu</a>, is a professor of <a href="Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a> and <a href="Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> at <a href="Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. His younger brother, <a href="Morgan_Chu" title="Morgan Chu">Morgan Chu</a>, is a <a href="Patent_lawyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Patent lawyer">patent lawyer</a> who is the former co-managing partner at the <a href="Law_firm" title="Law firm">law firm</a> <a href="Irell_%26_Manella" title="Irell & Manella">Irell & Manella</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Irell&Manella-25">[25]</a> According to Chu, his two brothers and four cousins have four PhDs, three <a href="Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">MDs</a>, and a <a href="Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">JD</a> among themselves.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_and_research">Career and research</h2></div>

After obtaining his doctorate, he remained at Berkeley as a <a href="Postdoctoral_researcher" title="Postdoctoral researcher">postdoctoral researcher</a> for two years before joining <a href="Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>, where he and his several co-workers carried out his Nobel Prize-winning <a href="Laser_cooling" title="Laser cooling">laser cooling</a> work. He left Bell Labs and became a professor of physics at <a href="Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> in 1987,<a href="#cite_note-Nobel-4">[4]</a> serving as the chair of its physics department from 1990 to 1993 and from 1999 to 2001. At Stanford, Chu and three others initiated the Bio-X program, which focuses on interdisciplinary research in biology and medicine,<a href="#cite_note-BioX-26">[26]</a> and played a key role in securing the funding for the <a href="Kavli_Institute_for_Particle_Astrophysics_and_Cosmology" title="Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology">Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chu-77-27">[27]</a> In August 2004, Chu was appointed as the director of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, a <a href="United_States_Department_of_Energy_National_Laboratories" title="United States Department of Energy National Laboratories">U.S. Department of Energy National Laboratory</a>, and joined UC Berkeley's department of physics and department of molecular and cell biology.<a href="#cite_note-BerkeleyNews-28">[28]</a> Under Chu's leadership, the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory was a center of research into <a href="Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuels</a> and <a href="Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hebert-14">[14]</a> He spearheaded the laboratory's Helios project, an initiative to develop methods of harnessing solar power as a source of <a href="Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> for transportation.<a href="#cite_note-BerkeleyNews-28">[28]</a>

Chu's early research focused on <a href="Atomic_physics" title="Atomic physics">atomic physics</a> by developing <a href="Laser_cooling" title="Laser cooling">laser cooling</a> techniques and the <a href="Magneto-optical_trap" title="Magneto-optical trap">magneto-optical trapping</a> of atoms using <a href="Lasers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasers">lasers</a>. He and his co-workers at Bell Labs developed a way to cool atoms by employing six laser beams opposed in pairs and arranged in three directions at right angles to each other. Trapping atoms with this method allows scientists to study individual atoms with great accuracy. Additionally, the technique can be used to construct an <a href="Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic clock</a> with great precision.<a href="#cite_note-NobelPhys-29">[29]</a>

At Stanford, Chu's research interests expanded into <a href="Biophysics" title="Biophysics">biological physics</a> and <a href="Polymer_physics" title="Polymer physics">polymer physics</a> at the <a href="Single-molecule_experiment" title="Single-molecule experiment">single-molecule level</a>. He studied <a href="Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> activity and <a href="Protein_folding" title="Protein folding">protein and RNA folding</a> using techniques like <a href="Fluorescence_resonance_energy_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescence resonance energy transfer">fluorescence resonance energy transfer</a>, <a href="Atomic_force_microscopy" title="Atomic force microscopy">atomic force microscopy</a>, and <a href="Optical_tweezers" title="Optical tweezers">optical tweezers</a>. His <a href="Polymer_physics" title="Polymer physics">polymer physics</a> research used individual <a href="DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> molecules to study polymer dynamics and their <a href="Phase_transitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase transitions">phase transitions</a>. He continued researching atomic physics as well and developed new methods of laser cooling and trapping.<a href="#cite_note-BerkeleyBio-30">[30]</a> As of 2022, he is the President of the Scientific Committee of <a href="ESPCI_Paris" title="ESPCI Paris">ESPCI Paris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_awards">Honors and awards</h2></div>

Steven Chu was awarded the <a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 1997 for the "development of methods to <a href="Laser_cooling" title="Laser cooling">cool</a> and trap atoms with laser light", together with <a href="Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Claude Cohen-Tannoudji</a> and <a href="William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">William Daniel Phillips</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>

He is a member of the <a href="United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">U.S. National Academy of Sciences</a>,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> the <a href="American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> the <a href="American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> the <a href="Pontifical_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Pontifical Academy of Sciences">Pontifical Academy of Sciences</a> and the <a href="Academia_Sinica" title="Academia Sinica">Academia Sinica</a> of <a href="Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, and is a foreign member of the <a href="Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Sciences">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a> and the <a href="Korean_Academy_of_Science_and_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Academy of Science and Engineering">Korean Academy of Science and Engineering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MITWorld-36">[36]</a> In 1994, The Optical Society recognized Chu with the <a href="William_F._Meggers_Award_in_Spectroscopy" title="William F. Meggers Award in Spectroscopy">William F. Meggers Award</a>. The Society later elected him an Honorary Member.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> He was also awarded the <a href="Humboldt_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Humboldt Prize">Humboldt Prize</a> by the <a href="Alexander_von_Humboldt_Foundation" title="Alexander von Humboldt Foundation">Alexander von Humboldt Foundation</a> in 1995. In 1998, Chu received the Golden Plate Award of the <a href="Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a>

Chu received an honorary doctorate from <a href="Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a> when he was the keynote speaker at the 2007 commencement exercises.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> He is a senior fellow of the <a href="Design_Futures_Council" title="Design Futures Council">Design Futures Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Diablo Magazine awarded him an Eco Award in its April 2009 issue,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> shortly after he was nominated for Energy Secretary.

<a href="Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a> and <a href="Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> awarded him honorary doctorates during their 2010 and 2009 commencement exercises, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> He was awarded an honorary degree from <a href="Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> during its 2010 commencement.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> He was also awarded an honorary degree from the <a href="Polytechnic_Institute_of_New_York_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytechnic Institute of New York University">Polytechnic Institute of New York University</a>, the same institution at which his father taught for several years, during its 2011 commencement.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <a href="Penn_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn State University">Penn State University</a> awarded him an honorary doctorate during their 2012 commencement exercises.<a href="#cite_note-Penn_State_Live-46">[46]</a> In 2014, Chu was awarded an honorary doctorate from <a href="Williams_College" title="Williams College">Williams College</a>, during which he gave a talk moderated by Williams College Professor Protik Majumder.<a href="#cite_note-williamscollege-47">[47]</a> He was awarded an honorary doctorate from <a href="Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a> during its 2015 commencement.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Chu was also awarded an honorary doctorate from <a href="Amherst_College" title="Amherst College">Amherst College</a> in 2017, where he later gave a lecture titled "Climate Change and Needed Technical Solutions for a Sustainable Future" in March 2018.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>

Chu was elected an international fellow of the <a href="Royal_Academy_of_Engineering" title="Royal Academy of Engineering">Royal Academy of Engineering</a> UK in 2011, and a <a href="List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 2014">Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 2014</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> His nomination reads:

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Steven Chu's development of methods to laser cool and trap atoms was recognized by the award of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1997. He also pioneered the development of <a href="Atom_interferometer" title="Atom interferometer">atom interferometry</a> for precision measurement, and he introduced methods to visualize and manipulate <a href="Single-molecule_experiment" title="Single-molecule experiment">single bio-molecules</a> simultaneously with <a href="Optical_tweezers" title="Optical tweezers">optical tweezers</a>. Throughout his career, he has sought new solutions to the energy and climate challenges. From January 2009 to April 2013, he was the 12th U.S. Secretary of Energy under President Barack Obama, and initiated the Advanced Research Projects Agency – Energy, the Energy Innovation Hubs, and the <a href="Clean_Energy_Ministerial" title="Clean Energy Ministerial">Clean Energy Ministerial</a> meetings.<a href="#cite_note-royal-52">[52]</a></blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._Secretary_of_Energy">U.S. Secretary of Energy</h2></div>

Chu's nomination to be Secretary of Energy was unanimously confirmed by the <a href="United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> on January 20, 2009.<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-53">[53]</a> On January 21, 2009, Chu was sworn in as Secretary of Energy in the <a href="Barack_Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Barack Obama administration">Barack Obama administration</a>. Chu is the first person appointed to the U.S. Cabinet after having won a Nobel Prize.<a href="#cite_note-FirstNobel-54">[54]</a> He is also the second Chinese American to be a member of the U.S. <a href="United_States_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Cabinet">Cabinet</a>, after former <a href="U.S._Secretary_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a> <a href="Gary_Locke" title="Gary Locke">Gary Locke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-.-55">[55]</a>

In February 2009, Chu visited China where he and China's <a href="Ministry_of_Science_and_Technology_(China)" title="Ministry of Science and Technology (China)">Minister of Science and Technology</a> <a href="Wan_Gang" title="Wan Gang">Wan Gang</a> announced the <a href="US%E2%80%93China_Clean_Energy_Research_Center" title="US–China Clean Energy Research Center">US-China Clean Energy Research Center</a> (CERC).<a href="#cite_note-:0-56">[56]</a>: 119, 122

Chu's scientific work continued, however, and he even published a paper on <a href="Gravitational_redshift" title="Gravitational redshift">gravitational redshift</a> in <a href="Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> in February 2010<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> and another one he co-authored in July 2010.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a>

In March 2011 Chu said that regulators at the U.S. <a href="Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission" title="Nuclear Regulatory Commission">Nuclear Regulatory Commission</a> should not delay approving construction licenses for planned U.S. nuclear power plants in the wake of the <a href="Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster">Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster</a> in <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>

In August 2011, Chu praised an advisory panel report on curbing the environmental risks of <a href="Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> development. Chu responded to the panel's report on <a href="Hydraulic_fracturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing">hydraulic fracturing</a>, the controversial drilling method that is enabling a U.S. gas boom while bringing fears of <a href="Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">groundwater contamination</a>. The report called for better data collection of air and water data, as well as "rigorous" <a href="Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> standards and mandatory disclosure of the chemicals used in the hydraulic fracturing process. Chu said that he would "be working closely with my colleagues in the Administration to review the recommendations and to chart a path for continued development of this vital energy resource in a safe manner".<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>

Chu faced controversy for a statement he made prior to being appointed, claiming in a September 2008 interview with the Wall Street Journal that "somehow we have to figure out how to boost the price of gasoline to the levels in Europe."<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> However, in March 2012, he retracted this comment, saying "..since I walked in the door as Secretary of Energy I've been doing everything in my powers to do what we can to ... reduce those prices" and that he "no longer shares the view [that we need to figure out how to boost gasoline prices in America]".<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a>

On February 12, 2013, Chu was the <a href="Designated_survivor" title="Designated survivor">designated survivor</a> during the <a href="2013_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2013 State of the Union Address">State of the Union address</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a>

On February 1, 2013, Chu announced his intent to resign.<a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In his resignation announcement, he warned of the <a href="Climate_risk" title="Climate risk">risks of climate change</a> from continued reliance on <a href="Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>, and wrote, "the <a href="Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> did not end because we ran out of stones; we transitioned to better solutions".<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> He resigned on April 22, 2013.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_and_climate_change">Energy and climate change</h2></div>

Chu has been a vocal advocate for more research into <a href="Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> and <a href="Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a>, arguing that a shift away from <a href="Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a> is essential to <a href="Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">combat climate change</a> and <a href="Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hebert-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tribble-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Directors-16">[16]</a> He also spoke at the 2009 and 2011 <a href="National_Science_Bowl" title="National Science Bowl">National Science Bowl</a> about the importance of America's science students, emphasizing their future role in <a href="Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">environmental planning</a> and global initiative. Chu said that a typical <a href="Coal_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal power">coal power</a> plant emits 100 times more radiation than a nuclear power plant.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a>

Chu has warned that <a href="Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> could wipe out California farms within the century.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a>

Chu joined the <a href="Copenhagen_Climate_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Copenhagen Climate Council">Copenhagen Climate Council</a>, an international collaboration between business and science established to create momentum for the <a href="2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference">2009 UN Climate Change Conference</a> in <a href="Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, Denmark.<a href="#cite_note-Copenhagen-69">[69]</a>

In 2015, Chu signed the <a href="Mainau_Declaration" title="Mainau Declaration">Mainau Declaration 2015 on Climate Change</a> on the final day of the 65th <a href="Lindau_Nobel_Laureate_Meetings" title="Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings">Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting</a>. The declaration was signed by a total of 76 Nobel Laureates and handed to then-President of the French Republic, <a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a>, as part of the successful <a href="Paris_Climate_Change_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Climate Change Conference">COP21 climate summit</a> in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a>

Chu was instrumental in submitting a winning bid for the <a href="Energy_Biosciences_Institute" title="Energy Biosciences Institute">Energy Biosciences Institute</a>, a <a href="BP" title="BP">BP</a>-funded $500 million multidisciplinary collaboration between UC Berkeley, the Lawrence Berkeley Lab, and the <a href="University_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois">University of Illinois</a>. This sparked controversy on the Berkeley campus, where some fear the alliance could harm the school's reputation for academic integrity.<a href="#cite_note-Dalton-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Michaels-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blumenstylk-74">[74]</a>

Based partially on his research at UC Berkeley, Chu has speculated that a global "glucose economy", a form of a <a href="Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">low-carbon economy</a>, could replace the current system. In the future, special varieties of high-<a href="Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> plants would be grown in the <a href="Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a>, processed, and then the chemical would be shipped around like <a href="Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil is today</a> to other countries. The <a href="St._Petersburg_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg Times">St. Petersburg Times</a> has stated that Chu's concept "shows vision on the scale needed to deal with global warming".<a href="#cite_note-ontap-17">[17]</a>

Chu has also advocated making the roofs of buildings and the tops of roads around the world white or other light colors, which may <a href="Reflective_surfaces_(climate_engineering)" title="Reflective surfaces (climate engineering)">reflect sunlight back into space</a> and <a href="Mitigate_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitigate global warming">mitigate global warming</a>. The effect would be, according to Chu, similar to taking every car in the world off the roads for about 11 years.<a href="#cite_note-ontap-17">[17]</a> Samuel Thernstrom, a resident fellow at the <a href="American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a> and co-director of its <a href="Climate_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate engineering">Geoengineering</a> Project, expressed support for the idea in <a href="The_American_(magazine)" title="The American (magazine)">The American</a>, praising Chu for "do[ing] the nation a service" with the concept.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Chu is on the board of directors of <a href="Xyleco" title="Xyleco">Xyleco</a>, a company developing alternate energy.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div>

In 1997, he married Jean Fetter, a British-American <a href="University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>-trained physicist.<a href="#cite_note-Eljera-19">[19]</a> He has two sons, Geoffrey and Michael, from a previous marriage to Lisa Chu-Thielbar.<a href="#cite_note-Nobel-4">[4]</a>

Chu is interested in sports such as <a href="Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>, <a href="Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">swimming</a>, and <a href="Cycling" title="Cycling">cycling</a>. He taught himself <a href="Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a>—by reading a book—in the eighth grade and was a second-string substitute for the school team for three years. He also taught himself how to <a href="Pole_vault" title="Pole vault">pole vault</a> using bamboo poles obtained from the local <a href="Carpet" title="Carpet">carpet</a> store.<a href="#cite_note-Nobel-4">[4]</a> Chu said he never learned to speak <a href="Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> because his parents always spoke to their children in <a href="English_language" title="English language">English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Eljera-19">[19]</a>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<ul><li><a href="United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_low-temperature_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of low-temperature technology">Timeline of low-temperature technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy of the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Nobel_Laureates_affiliated_with_the_University_of_Rochester" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nobel Laureates affiliated with the University of Rochester">List of Nobel Laureates affiliated with the University of Rochester</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120215101019/http://www.iwatchnews.org/2012/02/13/8139/four-cabinet-members-willing-help-democratic-super-pacs">"Fundraising activities are limited, but star power brings in the bucks"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwatchnews.org/2012/02/13/8139/four-cabinet-members-willing-help-democratic-super-pacs">the original</a> on 2012-02-15. Retrieved 2012-02-15.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-APS-2"><a href="#cite_ref-APS_2-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aps.org/programs/honors/fellowships/archive-all.cfm?initial=C&year=&unit_id=&institution=">Chu, Steven was elected a fellow of the American Physical Society in 1986 for his contributions</a> in <a href="Atomic_physics" title="Atomic physics">atomic physics</a> and <a href="Laser_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser spectroscopy">laser spectroscopy</a>, including the first observation of parity non-conservation in atoms, excitation and precision spectroscopy of positronium, and the optical confinement and cooling of atoms.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFO'Shea2008" class="citation journal cs1">O'Shea, Jennifer L. (December 30, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/obama/articles/2008/12/30/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-steven-chu">"10 Things You Didn't Know About Steven Chu; Steven Chu is President-elect Obama's pick for energy secretary"</a>. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved December 17, 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Nobel-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_4-4">e</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/152">Steven Chu</a> on Nobelprize.org

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAshkinDziedzicBjorkholmChu1986" class="citation journal cs1">Ashkin, A.; Dziedzic, J. M.; Bjorkholm, J. E.; Chu, S. (1986). "Observation of a single-beam gradient force optical trap for dielectric particles". Optics Letters. 11 (5): 288. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986OptL...11..288A">1986OptL...11..288A</a>. <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.205.4729">10.1.1.205.4729</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FOL.11.000288">10.1364/OL.11.000288</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19730608">19730608</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRaabPrentissCableChu1987" class="citation journal cs1">Raab, E.; Prentiss, M.; Cable, A.; Chu, S.; Pritchard, D. (1987). "Trapping of Neutral Sodium Atoms with Radiation Pressure". Physical Review Letters. 59 (23): 2631–2634. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987PhRvL..59.2631R">1987PhRvL..59.2631R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.59.2631">10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.2631</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10035608">10035608</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChuBjorkholmAshkinCable1986" class="citation journal cs1">Chu, S.; Bjorkholm, J.; Ashkin, A.; Cable, A. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.57.314">"Experimental Observation of Optically Trapped Atoms"</a>. Physical Review Letters. 57 (3): 314–317. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986PhRvL..57..314C">1986PhRvL..57..314C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.57.314">10.1103/PhysRevLett.57.314</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10034028">10034028</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-doe_bio-8"><a href="#cite_ref-doe_bio_8-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energy.gov/organization/dr_steven_chu.htm">"Dr. Steven Chu, Secretary of Energy"</a>. <a href="United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a>. Retrieved 2009-02-24.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/white-house-email-energy-secretary-chu/story?id=14934698">"White House Email: Energy Secretary Chu Must Go 'As Soon As Possible'"</a>. ABC News. 2011-11-11. Retrieved 2017-07-19.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Dixon-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Dixon_10-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDixon2013" class="citation web cs1">Dixon, Darius (February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2013/02/energy-secretary-steven-chu-to-resign-87073.html?hp=l2">"Energy Secretary Steven Chu to resign"</a>. <a href="Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. Retrieved 1 February 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-washingtonpost.com-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_11-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFMufson" class="citation news cs1">Mufson, Stevenson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/energy-secretary-steven-chu-resigns/2013/02/01/f6253df6-6cb4-11e2-ada0-5ca5fa7ebe79_story.html">"Energy secretary Steven Chu resigns"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 January 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDalton2009" class="citation journal cs1">Dalton, R (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F457241a">"Steven Chu prepares for power"</a>. Nature. 457 (7227): 241. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F457241a">10.1038/457241a</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19148062">19148062</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFService2007" class="citation journal cs1">Service, R. F. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.315.5813.784">"Steven Chu profile. Steering a national lab into the light"</a>. Science. 315 (5813): 784. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.315.5813.784">10.1126/science.315.5813.784</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17289971">17289971</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1451679">1451679</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Hebert-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hebert_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hebert_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hebert_14-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFH._Josef_Hebert2008" class="citation news cs1">H. Josef Hebert (2008-12-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/politics/2008492740_apchuprofile.html">"Energy secretary pick argues for new fuel sources"</a>. Associated Press. Retrieved 2010-11-09.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Tribble-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tribble_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tribble_15-1">b</a> Sarah Jane Tribble, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4176/is_20070618/ai_n19308148/pg_4?tag=artBody;col1">'Nuclear: Dark horse energy alternative,'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130829131703/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4176/is_20070618/ai_n19308148/pg_4?tag=artBody;col1">Archived</a> 2013-08-29 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Oakland Tribune, 2007-06-18.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Directors-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Directors_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Directors_16-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFDirectors_of_DOE_National_Laboratories2008" class="citation web cs1">Directors of DOE National Laboratories (August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081230075242/http://www.ne.doe.gov/pdfFiles/rpt_SustainableEnergyFuture_Aug2008.pdf">"A Sustainable Energy Future: The Essential Role of Nuclear Energy"</a> (PDF). Department of Energy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ne.doe.gov/pdfFiles/rpt_SustainableEnergyFuture_Aug2008.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2008-12-30.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ontap-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ontap_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ontap_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ontap_17-2">c</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100124115710/http://www.tampabay.com/news/perspective/article1020822.ece">"A scientist who is on tap, on top"</a>. <a href="St._Petersberg_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersberg Times">St. Petersberg Times</a>. July 26, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tampabay.com/news/perspective/article1020822.ece">the original</a> on January 24, 2010. Retrieved January 10, 2010.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aaas.org/news/nobel-laureate-steven-chu-assumes-term-aaas-president">"Nobel Laureate Steven Chu Assumes Term as AAAS President"</a>. Reuters. 22 February 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Eljera-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eljera_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eljera_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eljera_19-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFBert_Eljera1997" class="citation news cs1">Bert Eljera (1997-10-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081215170744/http://asianweek.com/102397/cover_story.html">"Stanford Professor Steven Chu graduates to the rank of Nobel laureate"</a>. <a href="AsianWeek" title="AsianWeek">AsianWeek</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asianweek.com/102397/cover_story.html">the original</a> on 2008-12-15. Retrieved 2008-12-16.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBrendan_John_Worrell2009" class="citation news cs1">Brendan John Worrell (2009-07-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-07/15/content_8432285.htm">"Steven Chu: US ready to lead on climate change"</a>. <a href="ChinaDaily" class="mw-redirect" title="ChinaDaily">ChinaDaily</a>. Retrieved 2009-07-15.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Kerr-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Kerr_21-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKathleen_Kerr2008" class="citation news cs1">Kathleen Kerr (2008-07-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080609022451/http://www.newsday.com/community/guide/lihistory/ny-century_of_science_dissons,0,7662594.story">"They Began Here"</a>. <a href="Newsday" title="Newsday">Newsday</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsday.com/community/guide/lihistory/ny-century_of_science_dissons,0,7662594.story">the original</a> on 2008-06-09. Retrieved 2008-09-17.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rochester.edu/news/show.php?id=3290">"Rochester Trustee Steven Chu Named Next Energy Secretary"</a>. University of Rochester. December 15, 2008.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-thesis-chu-1976-23"><a href="#cite_ref-thesis-chu-1976_23-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChu1976" class="citation thesis cs1">Chu, Steven (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/302807361">Observation of the forbidden magnetic dipole transition 6²P1/2-7²P1/2 in atomic thallium</a> (Ph.D.). <a href="University_of_California%2C_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/892836151">892836151</a>. <a href="ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/302807361">302807361</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NSF-GRF-24"><a href="#cite_ref-NSF-GRF_24-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120132612/http://nsfgrfp.org/why_apply/fellow_profiles/steven_chu">"Steven Chu, 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics"</a>. <a href="NSF-GRF" class="mw-redirect" title="NSF-GRF">NSF-GRF</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nsfgrfp.org/why_apply/fellow_profiles/steven_chu">the original</a> on 2008-11-20. Retrieved 2009-01-25.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Irell&Manella-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Irell&Manella_25-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irell.com/professionals-22.html">"Morgan Chu"</a>. <a href="Irell_%26_Manella" title="Irell & Manella">Irell & Manella LLP</a>. Retrieved 2008-12-16.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-BioX-26"><a href="#cite_ref-BioX_26-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biox.stanford.edu/about/index.html">"About Bio-X"</a>. <a href="Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. Retrieved 2009-02-27.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-chu-77-27"><a href="#cite_ref-chu-77_27-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2004/july7/chu-77.html">"Steven Chu named director of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory"</a>. Stanford News Service. 2004-06-21. Retrieved 2009-02-24.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-BerkeleyNews-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BerkeleyNews_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BerkeleyNews_28-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFRobert_Sanders2008" class="citation news cs1">Robert Sanders (2008-12-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2008/12/15_obama.shtml">"Obama chooses Nobelist Steven Chu as secretary of energy"</a>. <a href="University_of_California%2C_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>. Retrieved 2009-03-26.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NobelPhys-29"><a href="#cite_ref-NobelPhys_29-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1997/press.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1997"</a>. <a href="Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. 1997-10-15. Retrieved 2009-03-13.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-BerkeleyBio-30"><a href="#cite_ref-BerkeleyBio_30-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090315153306/http://physics.berkeley.edu/research/faculty/chu.html">"Steven Chu"</a>. <a href="University_of_California%2C_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.berkeley.edu/research/faculty/chu.html">the original</a> on 2009-03-15. Retrieved 2009-03-26.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espci.psl.eu/en/espci-paris-psl/organization/international-scientific-committee">"ESPCI Paris : International Scientific Committee"</a>. www.espci.psl.eu. Retrieved 2021-06-28.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1997/press-release/">"Press Release: The 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics"</a>. Nobel Prize.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/62452.html">"Steven Chu"</a>. www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 2021-12-03.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/steven-chu">"Steven Chu"</a>. American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 2021-12-03.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Steven+Chu&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2021-12-03.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-MITWorld-36"><a href="#cite_ref-MITWorld_36-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227171636/http://mitworld.mit.edu/speaker/view/857">"MIT World Speakers: Steven Chu"</a>. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mitworld.mit.edu/speaker/view/857">the original</a> on 2009-02-27. Retrieved 2009-01-13.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.stanford.edu/steve-chu">"Steven Chu's Profile | Stanford Profiles"</a>. profiles.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2024-06-24.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration">"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"</a>. www.achievement.org. <a href="American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081012080300/http://www.bu.edu/commencement/2007/address.html">"Commencement 2007: Address and Honorees"</a>. <a href="Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bu.edu/commencement/2007/address.html">the original</a> on 2008-10-12. Retrieved 2009-01-25.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071106072349/http://www.di.net/about/senior_fellows/">Design Futures Council Senior Fellows</a>. di.net

</li>

<li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diablomag.com/Diablo-Magazine/April-2009/Diablo-Eco-Awards/">Diablo Eco Awards Diablo Eco Awards</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090806030701/http://www.diablomag.com/Diablo-Magazine/April-2009/Diablo-Eco-Awards/">Archived</a> 2009-08-06 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Diablo magazine April 2009

</li>

<li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.wustl.edu/news/Pages/20707.aspx">"Five to receive honorary degrees"</a>. <a href="Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a>. 2010-05-06.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090609021455/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2009/06.04/honorands.html">"Ten honorary degrees awarded at Commencement"</a>. <a href="Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2009/06.04/honorands.html">the original</a> on 2009-06-09.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFinnegan2010" class="citation news cs1">Finnegan, Leah (2010-05-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/05/24/yale-graduation_n_587773.html">"Celebs Converge At Yale's Graduation Ceremony (Photos)"</a>. Huffington Post.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110907080611/http://www.poly.edu/press-release/2011/04/25/us-doe-secretary-steven-chu-speak-nyu-poly-commencement">"Home | NYU Tandon School of Engineering"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poly.edu/press-release/2011/04/25/us-doe-secretary-steven-chu-speak-nyu-poly-commencement">the original</a> on 2011-09-07. Retrieved 2012-05-17.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Penn_State_Live-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Penn_State_Live_46-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120428145627/http://live.psu.edu/story/59426">"U.S. Secretary of Energy to speak at May 5 commencement ceremony"</a>. The Pennsylvania State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://live.psu.edu/story/59426">the original</a> on 2012-04-28. Retrieved 2012-04-26.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-williamscollege-47"><a href="#cite_ref-williamscollege_47-0">^</a> <cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://communications.williams.edu/news-releases/3_19_2014_honorarydegree/">"Williams College Announces its 2014 Honorary Degree Recipients"</a> (Press release). Williamstown, Massachusetts: <a href="Williams_College" title="Williams College">Williams College</a>. 2014-03-19. Retrieved 2014-06-11.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.dartmouth.edu/news/2015/06/steven-chu-doctor-science">"Steven Chu (Doctor of Science)"</a>. Dartmouth News. 14 June 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amherst.edu/news/specialevents/commencement/awards/2017-honorees/steven-chu">"2017 Honorees | Steven Chu | Amherst College"</a>. www.amherst.edu. Retrieved 2018-08-01.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amherst.edu/academiclife/departments/physics/seminars_and_colloquia/node/707123">"Seminars & Colloquia | Professor Steven Chu, Stanford University: "Climate Change and needed technical solution for a sustainable future" | Amherst College"</a>. www.amherst.edu. Retrieved 2018-08-01.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/people/steven-chu-11224/">"Steven Chu – Royal Society"</a>. royalsociety.org.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-royal-52"><a href="#cite_ref-royal_52-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220122748/https://royalsociety.org/people/fellowship/2014/steven-chu/">"Professor Steven Chu ForMemRS"</a>. London: The Royal Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/people/fellowship/2014/steven-chu/">the original</a> on 2014-12-20.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Bloomberg-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Bloomberg_53-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNicholas_Johnston2009" class="citation news cs1">Nicholas Johnston (2009-01-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aFtD02yqOtMw">"Senate Confirms Seven Obama Nominees, Delays Clinton"</a>. <a href="Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg L.P.</a> Retrieved 2009-01-25.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FirstNobel-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FirstNobel_54-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJake_Tapper2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Jake_Tapper" title="Jake Tapper">Jake Tapper</a> (2008-12-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2008/12/a-nobel-prize-w.html">"A Nobel Prize Winner in the Cabinet"</a>. <a href="ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. Retrieved 2009-03-23.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-.-55"><a href="#cite_ref-._55-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSky_Canaves2009" class="citation news cs1">Sky Canaves (2009-02-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/chinajournal/2009/02/26/commerce-nominee-a-locke-in-china/">"Commerce Nominee a Locke In China"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2009-03-23.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-56"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_56-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLewis2023" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Joanna I. (2023). Cooperating for the Climate: Learning from International Partnerships in China's Clean Energy Sector. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The <a href="MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-262-54482-5</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMüllerPetersChu2010" class="citation journal cs1">Müller, H.; Peters, A.; Chu, S. (2010). "A precision measurement of the gravitational redshift by the interference of matter waves". Nature. 463 (7283): 926–9. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Natur.463..926M">2010Natur.463..926M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature08776">10.1038/nature08776</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20164925">20164925</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4317164">4317164</a>.</cite> According to Nature he worked on this "during nights, weekends and on planes – after putting in 70–80 hours a week as energy secretary"

</li>

<li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBorestein2010" class="citation news cs1">Borestein, Seth (2010-07-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna38130342">"Energy secretary's hobby is nano science"</a>. NBC News. Associated Press. Retrieved 2010-07-12.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPertsinidisZhangChu2010" class="citation journal cs1">Pertsinidis, A.; Zhang, Y.; Chu, S. (2010). "Subnanometre single-molecule localization, registration and distance measurements". Nature. 466 (7306): 647–51. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Natur.466..647P">2010Natur.466..647P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature09163">10.1038/nature09163</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20613725">20613725</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205221226">205221226</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-nuclear-licenses-idUSTRE72E6PM20110315">"Japan crisis should not delay new U.S. reactors: Chu"</a>. Reuters. 2011-03-15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151845/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/15/us-usa-nuclear-licenses-idUSTRE72E6PM20110315">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2017-07-02.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGeman2011" class="citation web cs1">Geman, Ben (2011-08-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120724091107/http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/677-e2-wire/177419-chu-vows-to-chart-a-path-for-safe-gas-drilling">"Chu vows to 'chart a path' for safe gas drilling"</a>. Thehill.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/677-e2-wire/177419-chu-vows-to-chart-a-path-for-safe-gas-drilling">the original</a> on 2012-07-24. Retrieved 2012-01-26.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKing" class="citation web cs1">King, Bob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2012/02/chus-europe-gas-price-quip-still-haunts-obama-073138">"Chu's Europe gas quote haunts W.H."</a> Politico. Retrieved 23 January 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGuillén2012" class="citation web cs1">Guillén, Alex (13 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2012/03/chu-walks-back-europe-gas-prices-quote-073934">"Chu walks back '08 gas prices quote"</a>. Politico. Retrieved 23 January 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWeiner2013" class="citation news cs1">Weiner, Rachel (12 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2013/02/12/steven-chu-is-designated-survivor-for-state-of-the-union/">"Steven Chu is the State of the Union 'designated survivor'"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved 2017-07-04.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2013/02/energy-secretary-steven-chu-to-resign-87073.html?hp=l2">"Energy Secretary Steven Chu to resign"</a>. Politico. Retrieved 1 February 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://energy.gov/articles/letter-secretary-steven-chu-energy-department-employees">"Letter from Secretary Steven Chu to Energy Department Employees"</a>. energy.gov. Retrieved 17 November 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/environmentalcapital/2008/12/11/steven-chu-coal-is-my-worst-nightmare/">Steven Chu: 'Coal is My Worst Nightmare'</a>, Wall St. Journal, December 11, 2008

</li>

<li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRomm2009" class="citation web cs1">Romm, Joe (2009-02-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climateprogress.org/2009/02/09/stephen-chu-la-times-interview-global-warming/">"Steven Chu's full global warming interview: "This is a real economic disaster in the making for our children, for your children.""</a>. Climateprogress.org. Retrieved 2012-01-26.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Copenhagen-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Copenhagen_69-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20090105173421/http://www.copenhagenclimatecouncil.com/about-us/councillors/steve-chu.html">"Councillors: Steven Chu"</a>. Copenhagen Climate Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copenhagenclimatecouncil.com/about-us/councillors/steve-chu.html">the original</a> on 2009-01-05. Retrieved 2008-12-11.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mainaudeclaration.org/">"Mainau Declaration"</a>. www.mainaudeclaration.org. Retrieved 2018-01-11.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Dalton-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Dalton_71-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDalton2007" class="citation journal cs1">Dalton, R. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F445688b">"Berkeley's energy deal with BP sparks unease"</a>. Nature. 445 (7129): 688–689. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.445..688D">2007Natur.445..688D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F445688b">10.1038/445688b</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17301752">17301752</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Michaels-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Michaels_72-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130415135322/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/environment/jan-june07/climatechange_05-02.html">"Physicist Searches for Alternative Fuel Technologies"</a>. <a href="Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">Public Broadcasting Service</a>. 2007-05-02. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/environment/jan-june07/climatechange_05-02.html">the original</a> on April 15, 2013. Retrieved 2008-12-16.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Gonzalez-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Gonzalez_73-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAngel_Gonzalez2007" class="citation news cs1">Angel Gonzalez (2007-05-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/news/print.asp?id=20934">"BP Berkeley Venture Means Big Money, Big Controversy"</a>. City of Berkeley, Central Administrative Offices. Retrieved 2008-12-16.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Blumenstylk-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Blumenstylk_74-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGoldie_Blumenstylk2007" class="citation news cs1">Goldie Blumenstylk (2007-09-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.com/blogs/facevalue/index.php?id=683">"TV's Take on the Influence of Big Oil"</a>. <a href="The_Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" title="The Chronicle of Higher Education">The Chronicle of Higher Education</a>. Retrieved 2008-12-16.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFThernstrom2009" class="citation news cs1">Thernstrom, Samuel (June 5, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100113062233/http://american.com/archive/2009/june/white-makes-right-steven-chu2019s-helpful-idea/">"White Makes Right? Steven Chu's Helpful Idea"</a>. <a href="The_American_(magazine)" title="The American (magazine)">The American</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.american.com/archive/2009/june/white-makes-right-steven-chu2019s-helpful-idea">the original</a> on January 13, 2010. Retrieved January 10, 2010.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107181029/https://www.xyleco.com/board/">"Board of Directory"</a>. Xyleco. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xyleco.com/board/">the original</a> on January 7, 2019. Retrieved January 6, 2019.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="side-box side-box-right sistersitebox">

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Steven_Chu" class="extiw external" title="q:Special:Search/Steven Chu">Steven Chu</a>.</div></div>

</div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Steven_Chu" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Steven Chu">Steven Chu</a>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/47519">Interview of Steven Chu by David Zierler on May 18 & June 22, 2021, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://energy.gov/contributors/secretary-energy-dr-steven-chu">Secretary of Energy Steven Chu</a> at <a href="United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/152">Steven Chu</a> on Nobelprize.org </li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090116073002/http://www.lbl.gov/Publications/Director/">Bio</a> from <a href="Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lbl.gov/Publications/Currents/Archive/Feb-16-2007.html">BP Makes Berkeley World Center for Biofuels</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230130700/http://www2.lbl.gov/Publications/Currents/Archive/Feb-16-2007.html">Archived</a> 2016-12-30 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> press release on the BP collaboration February 16, 2007</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lbl.gov/solar/ipfiles/plenary/chu_Solar_to_Chem_Energy_3-28-05.ppt">Alternative Energy Sources</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190601042526/https://www2.lbl.gov/solar/ipfiles/plenary/chu_Solar_to_Chem_Energy_3-28-05.ppt">Archived</a> 2019-06-01 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> March 28, 2005, Chu's PowerPoint presentation</li></ul></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090123043839/http://www.dailycamera.com/news/2009/jan/18/boulders-physicists-give-chu-thumbs-/">Boulder's physicists give Chu thumbs-up</a> Article on other Nobel laureates' reactions to Chu as Secretary of Energy</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uctv.tv/search-moreresults.aspx?contactID=91446&speaker=yes">UCTV Programs with Steven Chu</a>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uctv.tv/search-details.aspx?showID=11023">Physics Meets Biology</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uctv.tv/search-details.aspx?showID=11197">Berkeley's Nobel Tradition</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uctv.tv/search-details.aspx?showID=8591">Holding on to Atoms and Molecules with Lasers: Laser Cooling – From Atomic Clocks to Watching Biomolecules Move</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uctv.tv/search-details.aspx?showID=8592">What Can Physics Say About Life?</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uctv.tv/search-details.aspx?showID=8642">Conversations with History: A Scientist's Random Walk, with Steven Chu</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/dept/physics/people/faculty/chu_steven.html">Bio</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070603030844/http://www.stanford.edu/dept/physics/people/faculty/chu_steven.html">Archived</a> 2007-06-03 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010181119/http://www.stanford.edu/group/chugroup/steve.html">personal page</a> from <a href="Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> Department of Physics

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/1997/july16/polymers.html">Steven Chu: Uncovering the secret life of molecules</a> from Stanford [Online] Report (July 16, 1997)</li></ul></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071025010503/http://chu.berkeley.edu/">Chu's biophysics research group</a> at <a href="University_of_California%2C_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/10/03_chu.shtml">Growing energy: Berkeley Lab's Steve Chu on what termite guts have to do with global warming</a> from UC Berkeley News (September 30, 2005)</li></ul></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pLr4YbStc0M">Chu's lecture on the Helios Project for renewable energy</a> on <a href="YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> March 12, 2008</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copenhagenclimatecouncil.com/get-informed/news/climate-disasters-a-significant-possibility-says-nobel-laureate-steve-chu.html">"Climate Disasters a 'Significant Possibility'</a> Interview with Steve Chu at Copenhagen Climate Council, November 3, 2008.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V448U2SYU7U">Interview with Steven Chu from "Growing Energy" from the PBS series e² energy</a> on <a href="YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?1031213">Appearances</a> on <a href="C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://charlierose.com/videos/6584">Steven Chu</a> on <a href="Charlie_Rose_(talk_show)" title="Charlie Rose (talk show)">Charlie Rose</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3703427/">Steven Chu</a> at <a href="IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/c/steven_chu/index.html">Steven Chu</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/19/magazine/19wwln-q4-t.html?_r=3&ref=energy-environment">Interview</a>, April 19, 2009</li></ul></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=its-almost-science-fiction">"Weird Little Bacteria" in Our Energy Future</a> by Steven Chu on April 16, 2012 <a href="Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_2014151" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_2014151" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellows</a> of the <a href="Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> elected <a href="List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 2014">in 2014</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fellows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Steven_Armes" title="Steven Armes">Steven Armes</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Attfield" title="Paul Attfield">Paul Attfield</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Beerling" title="David Beerling">David Beerling</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Benton" title="Michael Benton">Michael Benton</a></li>

<li><a href="Kumar_Bhattacharyya%2C_Baron_Bhattacharyya" title="Kumar Bhattacharyya, Baron Bhattacharyya">Sushantha Bhattacharyya</a></li>

<li><a href="Ewan_Birney" title="Ewan Birney">Ewan Birney</a></li>

<li><a href="Dorothy_V._M._Bishop" title="Dorothy V. M. Bishop">Dorothy Bishop</a></li>

<li><a href="Tom_Bridgeland" title="Tom Bridgeland">Tom Bridgeland</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Charlton" title="David Charlton">David Charlton</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Colman" title="Peter Colman">Peter Colman</a></li>

<li><a href="Steven_Cowley" title="Steven Cowley">Steven Cowley</a></li>

<li><a href="Sally_Davies_(doctor)" title="Sally Davies (doctor)">Sally Davies</a></li>

<li><a href="Marian_Dawkins" title="Marian Dawkins">Marian Dawkins</a></li>

<li><a href="Liam_Dolan" title="Liam Dolan">Liam Dolan</a></li>

<li><a href="Timothy_Eglinton" title="Timothy Eglinton">Timothy Eglinton</a></li>

<li><a href="Amanda_Fisher" title="Amanda Fisher">Amanda Fisher</a></li>

<li><a href="Geoffrey_Grimmett" title="Geoffrey Grimmett">Geoffrey Grimmett</a></li>

<li><a href="Martin_Hairer" title="Martin Hairer">Martin Hairer</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Edwin_Hills" title="Richard Edwin Hills">Richard Hills</a></li>

<li><a href="Timothy_Holland" title="Timothy Holland">Tim Holland</a></li>

<li><a href="Martin_Hume_Johnson" title="Martin Hume Johnson">Martin Johnson</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Keightley" title="Peter Keightley">Peter Keightley</a></li>

<li><a href="Mike_Lazaridis" title="Mike Lazaridis">Mike Lazaridis</a></li>

<li><a href="Timothy_Leighton" title="Timothy Leighton">Timothy Leighton</a></li>

<li><a href="Simon_Lilly" title="Simon Lilly">Simon Lilly</a></li>

<li><a href="Mike_Lynch_(businessman)" title="Mike Lynch (businessman)">Michael Lynch</a></li>

<li><a href="Andrew_Mackenzie_(businessman)" title="Andrew Mackenzie (businessman)">Andrew Mackenzie</a></li>

<li><a href="Vladimir_Markovic" title="Vladimir Markovic">Vladimir Markovic</a></li>

<li><a href="Irwin_McLean" title="Irwin McLean">Irwin McLean</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Midgley" title="Paul Midgley">Paul Midgley</a></li>

<li><a href="Gareth_A._Morris" title="Gareth A. Morris">Gareth Morris</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Naismith_(chemist)" title="James Naismith (chemist)">Jim Naismith</a></li>

<li><a href="Jenny_Nelson" title="Jenny Nelson">Jenny Nelson</a></li>

<li><a href="Colin_Nichols" title="Colin Nichols">Colin Nichols</a></li>

<li><a href="Miles_J._Padgett" class="mw-redirect" title="Miles J. Padgett">Miles Padgett</a></li>

<li><a href="Julian_Parkhill" title="Julian Parkhill">Julian Parkhill</a></li>

<li><a href="Karalyn_Patterson" title="Karalyn Patterson">Karalyn Patterson</a></li>

<li><a href="Sheena_Radford" title="Sheena Radford">Sheena Radford</a></li>

<li><a href="Randy_Read" title="Randy Read">Randy Read</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Ron" title="David Ron">David Ron</a></li>

<li><a href="Patrik_Rorsman" title="Patrik Rorsman">Patrik Rorsman</a></li>

<li><a href="Bill_Rutherford" title="Bill Rutherford">Bill Rutherford</a></li>

<li><a href="Colin_P._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Colin P. Smith">Colin Smith</a></li>

<li><a href="Alan_Soper" title="Alan Soper">Alan Soper</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicholas_Stern%2C_Baron_Stern_of_Brentford" title="Nicholas Stern, Baron Stern of Brentford">Nicholas Stern</a></li>

<li><a href="Nick_Talbot" title="Nick Talbot">Nick Talbot</a></li>

<li><a href="Demetri_Terzopoulos" title="Demetri Terzopoulos">Demetri Terzopoulos</a></li>

<li><a href="Rajesh_Thakker" title="Rajesh Thakker">Rajesh Thakker</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthony_Brian_Watts" title="Anthony Brian Watts">Tony Watts</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Richard_Alley" title="Richard Alley">Richard Alley</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Richard Axel</a></li>

<li><a href="Bai_Chunli" title="Bai Chunli">Chunli Bai</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephen_C._Harrison" title="Stephen C. Harrison">Stephen Harrison</a></li>

<li><a href="Vincent_Poor" title="Vincent Poor">Vincent Poor</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippe_Sansonetti" title="Philippe Sansonetti">Philippe Sansonetti</a></li>

<li><a href="Joan_A._Steitz" title="Joan A. Steitz">Joan Steitz</a></li>

<li><a href="Clifford_Tabin" title="Clifford Tabin">Clifford Tabin</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Marie_Tarascon" title="Jean-Marie Tarascon">Jean-Marie Tarascon</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics145" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics145" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>1901: <a href="Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></li>

<li>1902: <a href="Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></li>

<li>1903: <a href="Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></li>

<li>1904: <a href="John_William_Strutt%2C_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></li>

<li>1905: <a href="Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></li>

<li>1906: <a href="J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></li>

<li>1907: <a href="Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></li>

<li>1908: <a href="Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></li>

<li>1909: <a href="Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></li>

<li>1910: <a href="Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></li>

<li>1912: <a href="Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></li>

<li>1913: <a href="Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></li>

<li>1915: <a href="Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></li>

<li>1917: <a href="Charles_Glover_Barkla" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></li>

<li>1918: <a href="Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></li>

<li>1919: <a href="Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></li>

<li>1920: <a href="Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li>

<li>1921: <a href="Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li>

<li>1923: <a href="Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></li>

<li>1924: <a href="Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></li>

<li>1925: <a href="James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>1926: <a href="Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></li>

<li>1927: <a href="Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></li>

<li>1928: <a href="Owen_Willans_Richardson" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></li>

<li>1929: <a href="Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></li>

<li>1930: <a href="C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></li>

<li>1932: <a href="Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></li>

<li>1933: <a href="Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></li>

<li>1935: <a href="James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></li>

<li>1936: <a href="Victor_Francis_Hess" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></li>

<li>1937: <a href="Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></li>

<li>1938: <a href="Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></li>

<li>1939: <a href="Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li>

<li>1943: <a href="Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></li>

<li>1945: <a href="Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></li>

<li>1946: <a href="Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></li>

<li>1947: <a href="Edward_Victor_Appleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></li>

<li>1948: <a href="Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></li>

<li>1949: <a href="Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></li>

<li>1950: <a href="C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>1951: <a href="John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></li>

<li>1952: <a href="Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></li>

<li>1953: <a href="Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></li>

<li>1954: <a href="Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></li>

<li>1955: <a href="Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></li>

<li>1956: <a href="William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="Walter_Houser_Brattain" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></li>

<li>1958: <a href="Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></li>

<li>1959: <a href="Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li>

<li>1960: <a href="Donald_A._Glaser" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></li>

<li>1961: <a href="Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></li>

<li>1962: <a href="Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></li>

<li>1963: <a href="Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></li>

<li>1964: <a href="Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></li>

<li>1965: <a href="Shin'ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></li>

<li>1966: <a href="Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></li>

<li>1967: <a href="Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></li>

<li>1968: <a href="Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></li>

<li>1970: <a href="Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></li>

<li>1971: <a href="Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></li>

<li>1972: <a href="John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></li>

<li>1973: <a href="Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></li>

<li>1974: <a href="Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></li>

<li>1975: <a href="Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>1976: <a href="Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></li>

<li>1977: <a href="Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="Nevill_Francis_Mott" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></li>

<li>1978: <a href="Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></li>

<li>1979: <a href="Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></li>

<li>1980: <a href="James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></li>

<li>1981: <a href="Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></li>

<li>1982: <a href="Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></li>

<li>1983: <a href="Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></li>

<li>1984: <a href="Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></li>

<li>1985: <a href="Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></li>

<li>1986: <a href="Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></li>

<li>1987: <a href="Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></li>

<li>1988: <a href="Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></li>

<li>1989: <a href="Norman_Ramsey_Jr." title="Norman Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></li>

<li>1990: <a href="Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></li>

<li>1991: <a href="Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></li>

<li>1992: <a href="Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></li>

<li>1993: <a href="Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></li>

<li>1994: <a href="Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></li>

<li>1995: <a href="Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></li>

<li>1996: <a href="David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></li>

<li>1997: / <a href="Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></li>

<li>1998: <a href="Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></li>

<li>1999: <a href="Gerard_'t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></li>

<li>2000: <a href="Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001– present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>2001: <a href="Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></li>

<li>2002: <a href="Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></li>

<li>2003: <a href="Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></li>

<li>2004: <a href="David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></li>

<li>2005: <a href="Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></li>

<li>2006: <a href="John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></li>

<li>2007: <a href="Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></li>

<li>2008: <a href="Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></li>

<li>2009: <a href="Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></li>

<li>2010: <a href="Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></li>

<li>2011: <a href="Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </li>

<li>2012: <a href="David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></li>

<li>2013: <a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></li>

<li>2014: <a href="Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></li>

<li>2015: <a href="Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></li>

<li>2016: <a href="David_J._Thouless" class="mw-redirect" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></li>

<li>2017: <a href="Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></li>

<li>2018: <a href="Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></li>

<li>2019: <a href="Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></li>

<li>2020: <a href="Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></li>

<li>2021: <a href="Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></li>

<li>2022: <a href="Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></li>

<li>2023: <a href="Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="Anne_L'Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></li>

<li>2024: <a href="John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1997_Nobel_Prize_laureates753" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1997_Nobel_Prize_laureates753" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1997 <a href="Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Paul_D._Boyer" title="Paul D. Boyer">Paul D. Boyer</a> (United States)</li>

<li><a href="John_E._Walker" title="John E. Walker">John E. Walker</a> (United Kingdom)</li>

<li><a href="Jens_Christian_Skou" title="Jens Christian Skou">Jens C. Skou</a> (Denmark)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="1997_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1997 Nobel Prize in Literature">1997</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="Dario_Fo" title="Dario Fo">Dario Fo</a> (Italy)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines" title="International Campaign to Ban Landmines">International Campaign to Ban Landmines</a> (Switzerland)</li>

<li><a href="Jody_Williams" title="Jody Williams">Jody Williams</a> (United States)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li> (United States)</li>

<li><a href="Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Claude Cohen-Tannoudji</a> (France)</li>

<li><a href="William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">William Daniel Phillips</a> (United States)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Stanley B. Prusiner</a> (United States)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Robert_C._Merton" title="Robert C. Merton">Robert C. Merton</a> (United States)</li>

<li><a href="Myron_Scholes" title="Myron Scholes">Myron Scholes</a> (Canada/United States)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<dl><dt><a href="List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></dt>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Han_Chinese_Nobel_laureates270" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Han_Chinese_Nobel_laureates270" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> <a href="List_of_Chinese_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Chinese Nobel laureates">Nobel laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Roger_Y._Tsien" title="Roger Y. Tsien">Roger Y. Tsien</a> (2008)</li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">Tsung-Dao Lee</a> (1957)</li>

<li><a href="Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Samuel C. C. Ting</a> (1976)</li>

<li><a href="Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Daniel C. Tsui</a> (1998)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a> (2009)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a> (2010)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian">Gao Xingjian</a> (2000)</li>

<ul><li><a href="Tu_Youyou" title="Tu Youyou">Tu Youyou</a> (2015)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_energy73" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_energy73" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">United States secretaries of energy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger">Schlesinger</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Duncan_Jr." title="Charles Duncan Jr.">Duncan</a></li>

<li><a href="James_B._Edwards" title="James B. Edwards">Edwards</a></li>

<li><a href="Donald_P._Hodel" title="Donald P. Hodel">Hodel</a></li>

<li><a href="John_S._Herrington" title="John S. Herrington">Herrington</a></li>

<li><a href="James_D._Watkins" title="James D. Watkins">Watkins</a></li>

<li><a href="Hazel_R._O'Leary" title="Hazel R. O'Leary">O'Leary</a></li>

<li><a href="Bill_Richardson" title="Bill Richardson">Richardson</a></li>

<li><a href="Spencer_Abraham" title="Spencer Abraham">Abraham</a></li>

<li><a href="Samuel_Bodman" title="Samuel Bodman">Bodman</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernest_Moniz" title="Ernest Moniz">Moniz</a></li>

<li><a href="Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Perry</a></li>

<li><a href="Dan_Brouillette" title="Dan Brouillette">Brouillette</a></li>

<li><a href="Jennifer_Granholm" title="Jennifer Granholm">Granholm</a></li>

<li><a href="Chris_Wright" title="Chris Wright">Wright</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Barack_Obama_(2009–2017)371" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Barack_Obama_(2009–2017)371" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2009–2017)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet2354" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="Vice_presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Vice presidency of Joe Biden">2009–2017</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="16" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (<a href="Hillary_Clinton_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Hillary Clinton as Secretary of State">2009–2013</a>)</li>

<li><a href="John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> (2013–2017)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Timothy_Geithner" title="Timothy Geithner">Timothy Geithner</a> (2009–2013)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a> (2009–2011)</li>

<li><a href="Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a> (2011–2013)</li>

<li><a href="Chuck_Hagel" title="Chuck Hagel">Chuck Hagel</a> (2013–2015)</li>

<li><a href="Ash_Carter" title="Ash Carter">Ash Carter</a> (2015–2017)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Eric Holder</a> (2009–2015)</li>

<li><a href="Loretta_Lynch" title="Loretta Lynch">Loretta Lynch</a> (2015–2017)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ken_Salazar" title="Ken Salazar">Ken Salazar</a> (2009–2013)</li>

<li><a href="Sally_Jewell" title="Sally Jewell">Sally Jewell</a> (2013–2017)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tom_Vilsack" title="Tom Vilsack">Tom Vilsack</a> (2009–2017)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gary_Locke" title="Gary Locke">Gary Locke</a> (2009–2011)</li>

<li><a href="John_Bryson" title="John Bryson">John Bryson</a> (2011–2012)</li>

<li><a href="Penny_Pritzker" title="Penny Pritzker">Penny Pritzker</a> (2013–2017)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hilda_Solis" title="Hilda Solis">Hilda Solis</a> (2009–2013)</li>

<li><a href="Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Tom Perez</a> (2013–2017)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kathleen_Sebelius" title="Kathleen Sebelius">Kathleen Sebelius</a> (2009–2014)</li>

<li><a href="Sylvia_Mathews_Burwell" title="Sylvia Mathews Burwell">Sylvia Mathews Burwell</a> (2014–2017)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Shaun_Donovan" title="Shaun Donovan">Shaun Donovan</a> (2009–2014)</li>

<li><a href="Julian_Castro" title="Julian Castro">Julian Castro</a> (2014–2017)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ray_LaHood" title="Ray LaHood">Ray LaHood</a> (2009–2013)</li>

<li><a href="Anthony_Foxx" title="Anthony Foxx">Anthony Foxx</a> (2013–2017)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Ernest_Moniz" title="Ernest Moniz">Ernest Moniz</a> (2013–2017)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arne_Duncan" title="Arne Duncan">Arne Duncan</a> (2009–2016)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs">Secretary of Veterans Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eric_Shinseki" title="Eric Shinseki">Eric Shinseki</a> (2009–2014)</li>

<li><a href="Bob_McDonald_(businessman)" title="Bob McDonald (businessman)">Bob McDonald</a> (2014–2017)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary of Homeland Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Janet_Napolitano" title="Janet Napolitano">Janet Napolitano</a> (2009–2013)</li>

<li><a href="Jeh_Johnson" title="Jeh Johnson">Jeh Johnson</a> (2013–2017)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet-level1221" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Administrator_of_the_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency">Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lisa_P._Jackson" title="Lisa P. Jackson">Lisa P. Jackson</a> (2009–2013)</li>

<li><a href="Gina_McCarthy" title="Gina McCarthy">Gina McCarthy</a> (2013–2017)</li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Peter_R._Orszag" title="Peter R. Orszag">Peter R. Orszag</a> (2009–2010)</li>

<li><a href="Sylvia_Mathews_Burwell" title="Sylvia Mathews Burwell">Sylvia Mathews Burwell</a> (2013–2014)</li>

<li><a href="Shaun_Donovan" title="Shaun Donovan">Shaun Donovan</a> (2014–2017)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Trade Representative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Michael_Froman" title="Michael Froman">Michael Froman</a> (2013–2017)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Susan_Rice" title="Susan Rice">Susan Rice</a> (2009–2013)</li>

<li><a href="Samantha_Power" title="Samantha Power">Samantha Power</a> (2013–2017)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Christina_Romer" title="Christina Romer">Christina Romer</a> (2009–2010)</li>

<li><a href="Austan_Goolsbee" title="Austan Goolsbee">Austan Goolsbee</a> (2010–2011)</li>

<li><a href="Alan_Krueger" title="Alan Krueger">Alan Krueger</a> (2011–2013)</li>

<li><a href="Jason_Furman" title="Jason Furman">Jason Furman</a> (2013–2017)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Administrator_of_the_Small_Business_Administration" title="Administrator of the Small Business Administration">Administrator of the Small Business Administration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Karen_Mills" title="Karen Mills">Karen Mills</a> (2012–2013)*</li>

<li><a href="Maria_Contreras-Sweet" title="Maria Contreras-Sweet">Maria Contreras-Sweet</a> (2014–2017)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Rahm_Emanuel" title="Rahm Emanuel">Rahm Emanuel</a> (2009–2010)</li>

<li><a href="William_M._Daley" title="William M. Daley">William M. Daley</a> (2011–2012)</li>

<li><a href="Denis_McDonough" title="Denis McDonough">Denis McDonough</a> (2013–2017)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* took office in 2009, raised to cabinet-rank in 2012 <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Confirmations_of_Barack_Obama's_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet">Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science226" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Presidents_of_the_American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science226" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="President_of_the_American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science">Presidents</a> of the <a href="American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1848–1875</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="William_Charles_Redfield" title="William Charles Redfield">William Charles Redfield</a> (1848)</li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a> (1849)</li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Dallas_Bache" title="Alexander Dallas Bache">Alexander Dallas Bache</a> (1850)</li>

<li><a href="Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a> (1851)</li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Peirce" title="Benjamin Peirce">Benjamin Peirce</a> (1852)</li>

<li><a href="James_Dwight_Dana" title="James Dwight Dana">James D. Dana</a> (1854)</li>

<li><a href="John_Torrey" title="John Torrey">John Torrey</a> (1855)</li>

<li><a href="James_Hall_(paleontologist)" title="James Hall (paleontologist)">James Hall</a> (1856)</li>

<li><a href="Alexis_Caswell" title="Alexis Caswell">Alexis Caswell</a> (1857)</li>

<li><a href="Jacob_Whitman_Bailey" title="Jacob Whitman Bailey">Jacob Whitman Bailey</a> (1857)</li>

<li><a href="Jeffries_Wyman" title="Jeffries Wyman">Jeffries Wyman</a> (1858)</li>

<li><a href="Stephen_Alexander_(astronomer)" title="Stephen Alexander (astronomer)">Stephen Alexander</a> (1859)</li>

<li><a href="Isaac_Lea" title="Isaac Lea">Isaac Lea</a> (1860)</li>

<li><a href="Frederick_A._P._Barnard" title="Frederick A. P. Barnard">Frederick A. P. Barnard</a> (1866)</li>

<li><a href="John_Strong_Newberry" title="John Strong Newberry">John Strong Newberry</a> (1867)</li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Apthorp_Gould" title="Benjamin Apthorp Gould">Benjamin Apthorp Gould</a> (1868)</li>

<li><a href="John_Wells_Foster" title="John Wells Foster">John Wells Foster</a> (1869)</li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Sterry_Hunt" title="Thomas Sterry Hunt">Thomas Sterry Hunt</a> (1870)</li>

<li><a href="William_Chauvenet" title="William Chauvenet">William Chauvenet</a> (1870)</li>

<li><a href="J._Lawrence_Smith_(chemist)" title="J. Lawrence Smith (chemist)">J. Lawrence Smith</a> (1872)</li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Lovering" title="Joseph Lovering">Joseph Lovering</a> (1873)</li>

<li><a href="John_Lawrence_LeConte" title="John Lawrence LeConte">John Lawrence LeConte</a> (1874)</li>

<li><a href="Julius_Erasmus_Hilgard" title="Julius Erasmus Hilgard">Julius Erasmus Hilgard</a> (1875)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1876–1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="William_Barton_Rogers" title="William Barton Rogers">William Barton Rogers</a> (1876)</li>

<li><a href="Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a> (1877)</li>

<li><a href="Othniel_Charles_Marsh" title="Othniel Charles Marsh">Othniel Charles Marsh</a> (1878)</li>

<li><a href="George_Frederick_Barker" title="George Frederick Barker">George Frederick Barker</a> (1879)</li>

<li><a href="Lewis_H._Morgan" title="Lewis H. Morgan">Lewis H. Morgan</a> (1880)</li>

<li><a href="George_Jarvis_Brush" title="George Jarvis Brush">George Jarvis Brush</a> (1881)</li>

<li><a href="John_William_Dawson" title="John William Dawson">John William Dawson</a> (1882)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_Augustus_Young" title="Charles Augustus Young">Charles Augustus Young</a> (1883)</li>

<li><a href="Peter_Lesley" title="Peter Lesley">Peter Lesley</a> (1884)</li>

<li><a href="Hubert_A._Newton" title="Hubert A. Newton">Hubert A. Newton</a> (1885)</li>

<li><a href="Edward_S._Morse" title="Edward S. Morse">Edward S. Morse</a> (1886)</li>

<li><a href="Samuel_Langley" title="Samuel Langley">Samuel Langley</a> (1887)</li>

<li><a href="John_Wesley_Powell" title="John Wesley Powell">John Wesley Powell</a> (1888)</li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Corwin_Mendenhall" title="Thomas Corwin Mendenhall">Thomas Corwin Mendenhall</a> (1889)</li>

<li><a href="George_Lincoln_Goodale" title="George Lincoln Goodale">George Lincoln Goodale</a> (1890)</li>

<li><a href="Albert_Benjamin_Prescott" title="Albert Benjamin Prescott">Albert Benjamin Prescott</a> (1891)</li>

<li><a href="Joseph_LeConte" title="Joseph LeConte">Joseph LeConte</a> (1892)</li>

<li><a href="William_Harkness" title="William Harkness">William Harkness</a> (1893)</li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Garrison_Brinton" title="Daniel Garrison Brinton">Daniel Garrison Brinton</a> (1894)</li>

<li><a href="Edward_W._Morley" title="Edward W. Morley">Edward W. Morley</a> (1895)</li>

<li><a href="Theodore_Gill" title="Theodore Gill">Theodore Gill</a> (1896)</li>

<li><a href="Edward_Drinker_Cope" title="Edward Drinker Cope">Edward Drinker Cope</a> (1896)</li>

<li><a href="Oliver_Wolcott_Gibbs" title="Oliver Wolcott Gibbs">Oliver Wolcott Gibbs</a> (1897)</li>

<li><a href="William_John_McGee" title="William John McGee">William John McGee</a> (1897)</li>

<li><a href="Frederic_Ward_Putnam" title="Frederic Ward Putnam">Frederic Ward Putnam</a> (1898)</li>

<li><a href="Grove_Karl_Gilbert" title="Grove Karl Gilbert">Grove Karl Gilbert</a> (1899)</li>

<li><a href="Marcus_Benjamin" title="Marcus Benjamin">Marcus Benjamin</a> (1899)</li>

<li><a href="Edward_Orton_Sr." title="Edward Orton Sr.">Edward Orton Sr.</a> (1899)</li>

<li><a href="Robert_Simpson_Woodward" title="Robert Simpson Woodward">Robert Simpson Woodward</a> (1900)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Charles_Sedgwick_Minot" title="Charles Sedgwick Minot">Charles Sedgwick Minot</a> (1901)</li>

<li><a href="Ira_Remsen" title="Ira Remsen">Ira Remsen</a> (1902)</li>

<li><a href="Asaph_Hall" title="Asaph Hall">Asaph Hall</a> (1902)</li>

<li><a href="Carroll_D._Wright" title="Carroll D. Wright">Carroll D. Wright</a> (1903)</li>

<li><a href="William_Gilson_Farlow" title="William Gilson Farlow">William Gilson Farlow</a> (1904)</li>

<li><a href="Calvin_M._Woodward" title="Calvin M. Woodward">Calvin M. Woodward</a> (1905)</li>

<li><a href="William_H._Welch" title="William H. Welch">William H. Welch</a> (1906)</li>

<li><a href="Edward_Leamington_Nichols" title="Edward Leamington Nichols">Edward Leamington Nichols</a> (1907)</li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Chrowder_Chamberlin" title="Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin">Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin</a> (1908)</li>

<li><a href="David_Starr_Jordan" title="David Starr Jordan">David Starr Jordan</a> (1909)</li>

<li><a href="Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a> (1910)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_Edwin_Bessey" title="Charles Edwin Bessey">Charles Edwin Bessey</a> (1911)</li>

<li><a href="Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering">Edward Charles Pickering</a> (1912)</li>

<li><a href="Edmund_Beecher_Wilson" title="Edmund Beecher Wilson">Edmund Beecher Wilson</a> (1913)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_William_Eliot" title="Charles William Eliot">Charles William Eliot</a> (1914)</li>

<li><a href="William_Wallace_Campbell" title="William Wallace Campbell">William Wallace Campbell</a> (1915)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_R._Van_Hise" title="Charles R. Van Hise">Charles R. Van Hise</a> (1916)</li>

<li><a href="Theodore_William_Richards" title="Theodore William Richards">Theodore William Richards</a> (1917)</li>

<li><a href="John_Merle_Coulter" title="John Merle Coulter">John Merle Coulter</a> (1918)</li>

<li><a href="Simon_Flexner" title="Simon Flexner">Simon Flexner</a> (1919)</li>

<li><a href="Leland_Ossian_Howard" title="Leland Ossian Howard">Leland Ossian Howard</a> (1920)</li>

<li><a href="E._H._Moore" title="E. H. Moore">E. H. Moore</a> (1921)</li>

<li><a href="J._Playfair_McMurrich" title="J. Playfair McMurrich">J. Playfair McMurrich</a> (1922)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_Doolittle_Walcott" title="Charles Doolittle Walcott">Charles Doolittle Walcott</a> (1923)</li>

<li><a href="James_McKeen_Cattell" title="James McKeen Cattell">James McKeen Cattell</a> (1924)</li>

<li><a href="Mihajlo_Pupin" title="Mihajlo Pupin">Mihajlo Pupin</a> (1925)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Liberty_Hyde_Bailey" title="Liberty Hyde Bailey">Liberty Hyde Bailey</a> (1926)</li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Amos_Noyes" title="Arthur Amos Noyes">Arthur Amos Noyes</a> (1927)</li>

<li><a href="Henry_Fairfield_Osborn" title="Henry Fairfield Osborn">Henry Fairfield Osborn</a> (1928)</li>

<li><a href="Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert Andrews Millikan</a> (1929)</li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a> (1930)</li>

<li><a href="Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a> (1931)</li>

<li><a href="John_Jacob_Abel" title="John Jacob Abel">John Jacob Abel</a> (1932)</li>

<li><a href="Henry_Norris_Russell" title="Henry Norris Russell">Henry Norris Russell</a> (1933)</li>

<li><a href="Edward_Thorndike" title="Edward Thorndike">Edward Thorndike</a> (1934)</li>

<li><a href="Karl_Taylor_Compton" title="Karl Taylor Compton">Karl Taylor Compton</a> (1935)</li>

<li><a href="Edwin_Conklin" title="Edwin Conklin">Edwin Conklin</a> (1936)</li>

<li><a href="George_David_Birkhoff" title="George David Birkhoff">George David Birkhoff</a> (1937)</li>

<li><a href="Wesley_Clair_Mitchell" title="Wesley Clair Mitchell">Wesley Clair Mitchell</a> (1938)</li>

<li><a href="Walter_Bradford_Cannon" title="Walter Bradford Cannon">Walter Bradford Cannon</a> (1939)</li>

<li><a href="Albert_Francis_Blakeslee" title="Albert Francis Blakeslee">Albert Francis Blakeslee</a> (1940)</li>

<li><a href="Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a> (1941)</li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a> (1942)</li>

<li><a href="Isaiah_Bowman" title="Isaiah Bowman">Isaiah Bowman</a> (1943)</li>

<li><a href="Anton_Julius_Carlson" title="Anton Julius Carlson">Anton Julius Carlson</a> (1944)</li>

<li><a href="James_B._Conant" title="James B. Conant">James B. Conant</a> (1945)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_F._Kettering" title="Charles F. Kettering">Charles F. Kettering</a> (1946)</li>

<li><a href="Harlow_Shapley" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley</a> (1947)</li>

<li><a href="Edmund_Ware_Sinnott" title="Edmund Ware Sinnott">Edmund Ware Sinnott</a> (1948)</li>

<li><a href="Elvin_Stakman" title="Elvin Stakman">Elvin Stakman</a> (1949)</li>

<li><a href="Roger_Adams" title="Roger Adams">Roger Adams</a> (1950)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kirtley_F._Mather" title="Kirtley F. Mather">Kirtley F. Mather</a> (1951)</li>

<li><a href="Detlev_Bronk" title="Detlev Bronk">Detlev Bronk</a> (1952)</li>

<li><a href="Edward_Condon" title="Edward Condon">Edward Condon</a> (1953)</li>

<li><a href="Warren_Weaver" title="Warren Weaver">Warren Weaver</a> (1954)</li>

<li><a href="George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> (1955)</li>

<li><a href="Paul_Sears" title="Paul Sears">Paul Sears</a> (1956)</li>

<li><a href="Laurence_H._Snyder" title="Laurence H. Snyder">Laurence H. Snyder</a> (1957)</li>

<li><a href="Wallace_R._Brode" title="Wallace R. Brode">Wallace R. Brode</a> (1958)</li>

<li><a href="Paul_E._Klopsteg" title="Paul E. Klopsteg">Paul E. Klopsteg</a> (1959)</li>

<li><a href="Chauncey_D._Leake" title="Chauncey D. Leake">Chauncey D. Leake</a> (1960)</li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Park_(AAAS)" title="Thomas Park (AAAS)">Thomas Park</a> (1961)</li>

<li><a href="Paul_Magnus_Gross" title="Paul Magnus Gross">Paul Magnus Gross</a> (1962)</li>

<li><a href="Alan_Tower_Waterman" title="Alan Tower Waterman">Alan Tower Waterman</a> (1963)</li>

<li><a href="Laurence_McKinley_Gould" title="Laurence McKinley Gould">Laurence McKinley Gould</a> (1964)</li>

<li><a href="Henry_Eyring_(chemist)" title="Henry Eyring (chemist)">Henry Eyring</a> (1965)</li>

<li><a href="Alfred_Romer" title="Alfred Romer">Alfred Romer</a> (1966)</li>

<li><a href="Don_K._Price" title="Don K. Price">Don K. Price</a> (1967)</li>

<li><a href="Walter_Orr_Roberts" title="Walter Orr Roberts">Walter Orr Roberts</a> (1968)</li>

<li><a href="H._Bentley_Glass" title="H. Bentley Glass">H. Bentley Glass</a> (1969)</li>

<li><a href="Athelstan_Spilhaus" title="Athelstan Spilhaus">Athelstan Spilhaus</a> (1970)</li>

<li><a href="Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a> (1972)</li>

<li><a href="Leonard_M._Rieser" title="Leonard M. Rieser">Leonard M. Rieser</a> (1973)</li>

<li><a href="Roger_Revelle" title="Roger Revelle">Roger Revelle</a> (1974)</li>

<li><a href="Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a> (1975)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="William_D._McElroy" title="William D. McElroy">William D. McElroy</a> (1976)</li>

<li><a href="Emilio_Daddario" title="Emilio Daddario">Emilio Daddario</a> (1977–1978)</li>

<li><a href="Edward_E._David_Jr." title="Edward E. David Jr.">Edward E. David Jr.</a> (1979)</li>

<li><a href="Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Kenneth E. Boulding</a> (1980)</li>

<li><a href="Frederick_Mosteller" title="Frederick Mosteller">Frederick Mosteller</a> (1981)</li>

<li><a href="D._Allan_Bromley" title="D. Allan Bromley">D. Allan Bromley</a> (1982)</li>

<li><a href="Margaret_Burbidge" title="Margaret Burbidge">Margaret Burbidge</a> (1983)</li>

<li><a href="Anna_J._Harrison" title="Anna J. Harrison">Anna J. Harrison</a> (1984)</li>

<li><a href="David_A._Hamburg" title="David A. Hamburg">David A. Hamburg</a> (1985)</li>

<li><a href="Gerard_Piel" title="Gerard Piel">Gerard Piel</a> (1986)</li>

<li><a href="Lawrence_Bogorad" title="Lawrence Bogorad">Lawrence Bogorad</a> (1987)</li>

<li><a href="Sheila_Widnall" title="Sheila Widnall">Sheila Widnall</a> (1988)</li>

<li><a href="Walter_E._Massey" title="Walter E. Massey">Walter E. Massey</a> (1989)</li>

<li><a href="Richard_C._Atkinson" title="Richard C. Atkinson">Richard C. Atkinson</a> (1990)</li>

<li><a href="Donald_N._Langenberg" title="Donald N. Langenberg">Donald N. Langenberg</a> (1991)</li>

<li><a href="Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Leon M. Lederman</a> (1992)</li>

<li><a href="F._Sherwood_Rowland" title="F. Sherwood Rowland">F. Sherwood Rowland</a> (1993)</li>

<li><a href="Eloise_E._Clark" title="Eloise E. Clark">Eloise E. Clark</a> (1994)</li>

<li><a href="Francisco_J._Ayala" title="Francisco J. Ayala">Francisco J. Ayala</a> (1995)</li>

<li><a href="Rita_R._Colwell" title="Rita R. Colwell">Rita R. Colwell</a> (1996)</li>

<li><a href="Jane_Lubchenco" title="Jane Lubchenco">Jane Lubchenco</a> (1997)</li>

<li><a href="Mildred_Dresselhaus" title="Mildred Dresselhaus">Mildred Dresselhaus</a> (1998)</li>

<li><a href="M._R._C._Greenwood" title="M. R. C. Greenwood">M. R. C. Greenwood</a> (1999)</li>

<li><a href="Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a> (2000)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Peter_H._Raven" title="Peter H. Raven">Peter H. Raven</a> (2002)</li>

<li><a href="Floyd_E._Bloom" title="Floyd E. Bloom">Floyd E. Bloom</a> (2003)</li>

<li><a href="Mary_Ellen_Avery" title="Mary Ellen Avery">Mary Ellen Avery</a> (2004)</li>

<li><a href="Shirley_Ann_Jackson" title="Shirley Ann Jackson">Shirley Ann Jackson</a> (2005)</li>

<li><a href="Gil_Omenn" title="Gil Omenn">Gil Omenn</a> (2006)</li>

<li><a href="John_Holdren" title="John Holdren">John Holdren</a> (2007)</li>

<li><a href="David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a> (2008)</li>

<li><a href="James_McCarthy_(oceanographer)" title="James McCarthy (oceanographer)">James McCarthy</a> (2009)</li>

<li><a href="Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre">Peter Agre</a> (2010)</li>

<li><a href="Alice_S._Huang" title="Alice S. Huang">Alice S. Huang</a> (2011)</li>

<li><a href="Nina_Fedoroff" title="Nina Fedoroff">Nina Fedoroff</a> (2012)</li>

<li><a href="William_H._Press" title="William H. Press">William H. Press</a> (2013)</li>

<li><a href="Phillip_Allen_Sharp" title="Phillip Allen Sharp">Phillip Allen Sharp</a> (2014)</li>

<li><a href="Gerald_Fink" title="Gerald Fink">Gerald Fink</a> (2015)</li>

<li><a href="Geraldine_L._Richmond" title="Geraldine L. Richmond">Geraldine L. Richmond</a> (2016)</li>

<li><a href="Barbara_A._Schaal" title="Barbara A. Schaal">Barbara A. Schaal</a> (2017)</li>

<li><a href="Susan_Hockfield" title="Susan Hockfield">Susan Hockfield</a> (2018)</li>

<li><a href="Margaret_Hamburg" title="Margaret Hamburg">Margaret Hamburg</a> (2019)</li>

<li><a href="Claire_M._Fraser" title="Claire M. Fraser">Claire M. Fraser</a> (2021)</li>

<li><a href="Gilda_Barabino" title="Gilda Barabino">Gilda Barabino</a> (2022)</li>

<li><a href="Keith_Yamamoto" title="Keith Yamamoto">Keith Yamamoto</a> (2023)</li>

<li><a href="Willie_E._May" title="Willie E. May">Willie E. May</a> (2024)</li>

<li><a href="Theresa_A._Maldonado" title="Theresa A. Maldonado">Theresa A. Maldonado</a> (2025)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172466#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1921" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172466#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1921" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000374501476">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/78456254">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/486675">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJm4V3PGqQ9kwjhrqVQg8C">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/141983523">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2002105390">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007347452905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4572-0154">ORCID</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=239349">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56327779000">Scopus</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=b9Bod2MAAAAJ">Google Scholar</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/141983523">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/083716351">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6fb6fdb">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/fdf088f1-ba23-4dc7-868e-1e83d09d6278">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-06" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Steven_Chu&oldid=1299168663">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>